1. Main Risk Factor: Patient with hypertension, diabetes, heart and blood vessels disease, also genetic factors
2. Second Risk Factor: Kidney disease occur in elder people, because when people get older, his blood vessels become more fragile that can trigger hypertension, diabetes,kidney disease, and stroke.
3. Third Risk Factor: Lupus patient or another auto-immune disease, obesity, urinary tract infections, and people that was born in less weight. Also consuming non steroid anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in long term factor.

Kidney disease can be prenvented and cure if it detected in the earlier stage. But the fact is most people come to see doctor when they are in the end stage of kidney disease, about 60-70% patient see doctor in seriously condition and also complication with another disease like stroke, coronary heart disease. So, it is really important to notice what is the symptom of kidney disease.
 

Kidney disease symptoms include:

       Feel fatique and weak.

       Nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite

       Often feel thirsty

       Pain in the lower back, side or abdomen

       Difficulty or burning urinating

       More frequent urination especially at night

       Blood in urine

       Urine very frothing and sometimes have a bad smell

      Swelling around the eyes after wake up in the morning

       Itchy skin

       Odem in face, hand, stomach and feet

Someone that has some symptoms above, really recommended to take some test of blood, urine and blood pressure.

 

Kidney Function Tests

Blood and urine samples can both be used to test levels of kidney function. The kidney filtration rate can be estimated by measuring serum creatinine, a human waste product. The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can also be tested to indicate how well the kidneys are functioning, although there are many factors that can affect the outcome of this particular test.

Urine test in order to check protein level in the urine, if there is an albumin/protein, it shows the early indication of chronic kidney disease.

Perhaps the most effective way to test kidney function is to measure the glomerular filtration. There are various techniques that can be used to do this. The most accurate method is to measure creatinine, a breakdown product of muscle metabolism. The measurement of the creatinine content of a blood sample and a timed (e.g., 24-hour) urine collection allows for the accurate determination of the glomerular filtration rate.

As the glomerular filtration rate falls, the creatinine levels in the blood rise. With a fall in glomerular filtration rate by 50%, the blood creatinine needs to double in order for the body to excrete the normal amount of 1.4 grams per day. A further drop in glomerular filtration rate to 25% of the original level, causes the creatinine level to double again. Consequently, the blood creatinine level is a very sensitive index of kidney failure, or of changes in the level of kidney function, once the glomerular filtration has fallen significantly. Minor reductions below normal in glomerular filtration rate do not necessarily raise the creatinine level above normal, and can only be diagnosed by directly measuring the glomerular filtration rate.

In addition to the use of creatinine, there are nuclear medicine scanning techniques that can give an approximate assessment of glomerular filtration in each kidney. These techniques include X-ray, intravenous urography, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Primarily Prevention:

• Exercise regularly

• Stop smoking (smoke can cause blood vessels constriction,include blood vessels into the kidney)

• Control body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol,and blood sugar levels.

• Routine check up ( Blood and Urine test)

• Eat with balance portion

• Avoid lack of fluids intake with drink  2 L /day

• Check your family medical history

Points to Remember

1. Your kidneys are vital organs that keep your blood clean and chemically balanced.
2. If you are in the early stages of renal disease, you may be able to save your remaining renal function for many years by

       Controlling your blood glucose

       Controlling your blood pressure

       Following a low-protein diet

      Maintaining healthy levels of cholesterol in your blood

       Taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB

       Quit smoking

3. The progression of kidney disease can be slowed, but it cannot always be reversed.
4. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the two leading causes of kidney failure.
5. You should see a nephrologist regularly if you have renal disease.
6. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
7. Dialysis and transplantation can extend the lives of people with ESRD.
8. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the total loss of kidney function.